Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is an indole derivative, Formula C10H12N2O, English name :5-hydroxy tryptamine, referred to 5-HT, commonly found in plant and animal tissues.
First of tryptophan catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase to form 5 - hydroxy tryptophan, and then after 5 - hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase catalysis to 5 - serotonin.
5 - HT was first discovered from the serum, also known as serotonin, widely present in mammalian tissues, particularly in the cerebral cortex and neuronal synapse quality content is high, it is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Peripheral tissues and 5 - serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and smooth muscle contraction irritants. In vivo 5 - serotonin can be made by monoamine oxidase to 5 - hydroxytryptamine aldehyde and five - HIAA and excreted in the urine.
5 - HT reacts with the acid crystallized salt. Its hydrochloride melting point 167 ~ 168 ℃; Picrates melting point 185 ~ 189 ℃. 5 - serotonin in the brain tissue concentrations higher nervous activity which is an important regulator substances. Some body tissue when subjected to certain drugs, you can release out of 5 - hydroxytryptamine, reserpine molecule can make such a role by the release of hundreds of organizations 5 - serotonin molecules, resulting in a series of physiological effects of reserpine .
As an autologous active substances, about 90% synthetic and distributed in enterochromaffin cells, usually stored together with ATP and other substances in the cells within the particles. Role in stimulating factors ,5-HT release from the particles inside, diffuse into the blood, and was platelet uptake and storage, storage accounts for about 8% of the whole body. 5-HT as a neurotransmitter, mainly in the pineal gland and hypothalamus, may be involved in pain, sleep, and the regulation of body temperature and other physiological functions. 5-HT content in the central nervous system and dysfunction may be associated with mental illness and migraine pathogenesis of many diseases.
5-HT receptors must be appropriate to have an effect mediated. 5-HT receptor sub-type complex, have been found seven kinds of 5-HT receptor subtypes. 5-HT through activation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes may have different pharmacological effects, but the 5-HT itself no clinical value.
The use of electronic means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), stimulation frequency in 1Hz (once per second), will make the lower frontal cortex dopamine function, striatum and hippocampus at elevated dopamine function, lower frontal cortex serotonin ( 5-HT) 2 receptors, increased frontal and cingulate cortex of the 5-HT1A receptor, can be considered to change the secretion of serotonin receptors.
Been most extensively studied neurotransmitters from 5 - serotonin, it is a pleasure to produce emotional messenger, affecting virtually every aspect of brain activity: from the regulation of mood, energy, memory to shape the outlook on life. Antidepressants such as fluoxetine hydrochloride is through increased brain 5 - serotonin levels and functioning (But scientists have recognized things are not so simple, sometimes the problem is not only a neurotransmitter deficiency on the new study focused The receiving apparatus in the nerve cell receptors on dendritic ─ considering their number and sensitivity of treatment is sufficient to properly bind to and neurotransmitter receptors without sufficient activity if the information can not be passed on, then the matter in the brain How much free neurotransmitter futile. receptor deficiency can cause a lot of trouble.). 5 - low serotonin levels are more prone to depression crowd, impulsive behavior, alcoholism, suicide, assault and violent behavior. Scientists even by changing the experimental animal brain 5 - serotonin levels to make them more aggressive.
Interestingly, the female brain Synthesis of 5 - HT rate is only half that of men, this may help explain why women are more prone to depression. With age 5 - the role of serotonin pathways work efficiency will decline, because the activation of 5 - serotonin receptors reduced. According to one study, 60-year-old and 30-year-old man compared to the brain, 5 - serotonin receptors specific number has been reduced by 60%. By five - the effect of serotonin decreased with age increase the likelihood of suffering from depression.
In addition, 5 - serotonin can enhance memory, and can protect neurons from "exciting neurotoxin," the damage. Therefore adequate 5 - serotonin in the aging process can indeed prevent brain damage occurs.
In addition, in a recent medical physics experiments, the side effects of serotonin embodied a certain lethal cells.
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